{"id":8942,"date":"2026-07-12T13:11:56","date_gmt":"2026-07-12T19:11:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/?p=8942"},"modified":"2026-07-12T16:14:00","modified_gmt":"2026-07-12T22:14:00","slug":"nepenthes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/nepenthes\/","title":{"rendered":"Nepenthes: la planta que convirti\u00f3 una hoja en un est\u00f3mago"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8942\" class=\"elementor elementor-8942\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72b05286 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72b05286\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;slideshow&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_gallery&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:8944,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.vbgardens.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/06\\\/Banner.jpg&quot;}],&quot;background_slideshow_loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_slide_duration&quot;:5000,&quot;background_slideshow_slide_transition&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_transition_duration&quot;:500}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-29c17f1\" data-id=\"29c17f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-11823a6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"11823a6a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b1a8ba1\" data-id=\"b1a8ba1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c183bc7 elementor-drop-cap-yes elementor-drop-cap-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c183bc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;drop_cap&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"color: #262627; font-family: 'Century Gothic', sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1; font-size: 55px; letter-spacing: normal;\">The Plant That Turned a Leaf Into a Stomach<\/h2>\n<h4><em>Nepenthes<\/em><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"45\"><b><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"45\">By Bi\u00f3l. Evelyn Martinez-Cuevas<\/strong><\/b><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"45\">July 12, 2026<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are plants with magnificent flowers. There are some with peculiar scents. And then there are the <em>Nepenthes<\/em>, which decided to solve the problem of nutrient-poor soil by turning their leaves into biomechanical digestive traps straight out of a storybook.<\/p>\n<p>Yes, the famous &#8220;pitcher&#8221; is not a flower. Nor is it a fruit. Nor a separate structure\u2026 <strong>It is a modified leaf!<\/strong> And it is probably one of the most absurdly sophisticated evolutionary transformations in the plant kingdom (<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Juniper et.al., 1989).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>First of all: What are the parts of a Nepenthes?<\/h3>\n<p>Because yes, everyone just says &#8220;pitcher,&#8221; but these plants have more engineering than my coffee maker.<\/p>\n<p>Main parts:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Leaf blade (L\u00e1mina foliar)<\/strong>: The true leaf where photosynthesis happens.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tendril:<\/strong> The &#8220;cord&#8221; that connects the leaf and the pitcher.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pitcher:<\/strong> The complete trap.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Peristome:<\/strong> The slippery rim of the pitcher.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Operculum (Lid):<\/strong> The top cover.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Waxy zone:<\/strong> The inner wall where insects lose their grip.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Digestive glands:<\/strong> Microscopic structures that release enzymes and absorb nutrients.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>And here comes the incredible part\u2026 Each of these parts evolved specifically to optimize capture, digestion, and absorption <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Cheek, 2001)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span> It\u2019s no coincidence. It is tropical engineering.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98d023c elementor-skin-carousel elementor-arrows-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-media-carousel\" data-id=\"98d023c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;slides_per_view&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slides_per_view_tablet&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;space_between&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;space_between_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:15,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;skin&quot;:&quot;carousel&quot;,&quot;effect&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;show_arrows&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;space_between_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"media-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-main-swiper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Slides\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-carousel-image\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Nepenthes_5\" style=\"background-image: url(&#039;https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Nepenthes_5.jpg&#039;)\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-carousel-image\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Nepenthes_6\" style=\"background-image: url(&#039;https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Nepenthes_6.jpg&#039;)\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-carousel-image\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Nepenthes\" style=\"background-image: url(&#039;https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Nepenthes.jpg&#039;)\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Anterior\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 812 713 796 708 779 692 767L438 487 692 225C700 217 708 204 708 187 708 171 704 154 692 142 675 129 663 125 646 125Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Siguiente\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M696 533C708 521 713 504 713 487 713 471 708 454 696 446L400 146C388 133 375 125 354 125 338 125 325 129 313 142 300 154 292 171 292 187 292 204 296 221 308 233L563 492 304 771C292 783 288 800 288 817 288 833 296 850 308 863 321 871 338 875 354 875 371 875 388 867 400 854L696 533Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44bbe2c8 elementor-drop-cap-yes elementor-drop-cap-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"44bbe2c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;drop_cap&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3>The Peristome: An Ice Rink for Insects<\/h3>\n<p>That shiny, often ribbed rim surrounding the pitcher\u2014the peristome\u2014doesn&#8217;t just exist to look pretty in photos, though it certainly achieves that.<\/p>\n<p>When it gets wet, it forms a microscopic film of water, becomes extremely slippery, and causes insects to literally &#8220;aquaplane&#8221; right into the interior.<\/p>\n<p>And this is no poetic exaggeration: studies published in Nature demonstrated that the surface of the peristome actively directs the movement of water thanks to specialized microscopic structures <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Chen, et. al., 2016; Wang &amp; Zhou, 2016)<\/span>. In other words: the plant manipulates fluid physics to hunt.<\/p>\n<p>The next time someone says plants are boring, you can look slowly at a Nepenthes and let the silence do the work.<\/p>\n<h3>And the Madness Continues\u2026 The Digestive Liquid is NOT Just &#8220;Water&#8221;<\/h3>\n<p>Inside the pitcher, there is a complex digestive fluid that can contain: enzymes, antimicrobial compounds, viscous polymers, hydrolytic proteins <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Hatano &amp; Hamada, 2008; Takeuchi, et. al. 2011; Takeuchi, et. al., 2015)<\/span>\u2026 And most fascinating of all\u2026<\/p>\n<p><strong>The composition can change depending on environmental conditions and the type of prey captured! <\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Wal, et. al. 2025)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>We are practically saying that the plant chemically adjusts its &#8220;stomach.&#8221; Some species produce almost watery liquids, while others generate viscous fluids that look like transparent gel. In <em>Nepenthes rafflesiana<\/em>, a highly viscoelastic fluid was even discovered that is capable of preventing insects from escaping, even though they can still move their legs <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Bohn &amp; Federle, 2004; Bonhomme et. al. 2011; Rottloff et. al. 2016)<\/span>. Basically: quicksand.<\/p>\n<h3>And Inside the Stomach&#8230; There is Another Ecosystem<\/h3>\n<p>You would think the inside of the pitcher is simply &#8220;acid with dead bugs.&#8221; But no.<\/p>\n<p>They have found:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bacteria<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Mosquito larvae<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Mites<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Symbiotic microorganisms<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Well\u2026 basically, it is acid with bugs\u2014both living and dead\u2014in massive concentrations.<\/p>\n<p>Some species even partially rely on these microorganisms to break down organic matter. That is why we say that the &#8220;pitcher&#8221; functions as a stomach. Aside from being stylized and fascinating, it is also a microbial decomposition tank. It is practically a portable, miniature digestive swamp <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Koopman et. al. 2010, Gaume &amp; Forterre, 2007)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>And There&#8217;s More\u2026<\/h3>\n<p>The exact same Nepenthes can produce completely different pitchers throughout its life.<\/p>\n<p>The young ones are usually: small, round, chubby, and close to the ground. Meanwhile, the upper pitchers become: long, stylized, lighter, and designed to capture flying insects. Sound familiar?<\/p>\n<p>This phenomenon is called <strong>foliar heteromorphy<\/strong>, and it is an incredible ecological adaptation. In other words: <strong>the plant changes its hunting strategy as it matures.<\/strong> The lower traps usually catch ants and terrestrial arthropods, while the upper ones target flying insects.<\/p>\n<p>One plant. Two predator styles.<\/p>\n<h3>Some Nepenthes Stopped &#8220;Hunting&#8221; Insects\u2026 and Evolved Into Something Even Weirder!<\/h3>\n<p>For example, <em>Nepenthes ampullaria<\/em> specialized more in collecting leaf litter than insects. Its pitchers look like little forest urns where plant matter falls <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Cheek &amp; Jebb, 2001).<\/span> Meanwhile, <em>Nepenthes bicalcarata<\/em> developed two fang-like structures under its lid. And <em>Nepenthes rajah<\/em> produces pitchers so large that they can occasionally capture small vertebrates. Yes, there are Nepenthes capable of catching frogs.<\/p>\n<p>Nature clearly never received the memo to &#8220;keep it simple.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>So, How Do You Grow Them Without Killing Them with Kindness?<\/h3>\n<p>Because yes, many <em>Nepenthes<\/em> die from an excess of affection.<\/p>\n<p>The basics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Plenty of bright, filtered light<\/li>\n<li>Relatively high humidity<\/li>\n<li>Excellent ventilation<\/li>\n<li>Rainwater or distilled water<\/li>\n<li>An airy, nutrient-poor substrate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The most important phrase here is: nutrient-poor. They do not want &#8220;well-fertilized&#8221; black soil. For them, that is basically toxic soup.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A classic mistake:<\/strong> &#8220;I gave it fertilizer because it looked sad.&#8221; The <em>Nepenthes<\/em>: &#8220;Excellent, now I will chemically perish.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Charles Darwin himself, in his book <em>Insectivorous Plants (1875)<\/em>, studied carnivorous plants with a worrying intensity. His observations helped us understand that these species truly digest and absorb nutrients from their prey. He was obsessed with them\u2026 and honestly, it\u2019s hard to blame him.<\/p>\n<p>Because the more you learn about <em>Nepenthes<\/em>, the more they seem like organisms designed by someone who mixed science fiction, tropical horror, biomechanics, botany, and a whole lot of free time\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Although they are not native, at the <strong>Vallarta Botanical Garden<\/strong>, you can witness the beauty and complexity of some specimens or cultivated hybrids.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2435e6e2 elementor-skin-carousel elementor-arrows-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-media-carousel\" data-id=\"2435e6e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;slides_per_view&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slides_per_view_tablet&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;space_between&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;space_between_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:15,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;skin&quot;:&quot;carousel&quot;,&quot;effect&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;show_arrows&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;space_between_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"media-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-main-swiper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Slides\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-carousel-image\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Nepenthes_2\" style=\"background-image: url(&#039;https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Nepenthes_2.jpg&#039;)\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-carousel-image\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Nepenthes_3\" style=\"background-image: url(&#039;https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Nepenthes_3.jpg&#039;)\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-carousel-image\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Nepenthes_4\" style=\"background-image: url(&#039;https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Nepenthes_4.jpg&#039;)\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Anterior\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 812 713 796 708 779 692 767L438 487 692 225C700 217 708 204 708 187 708 171 704 154 692 142 675 129 663 125 646 125Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Siguiente\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M696 533C708 521 713 504 713 487 713 471 708 454 696 446L400 146C388 133 375 125 354 125 338 125 325 129 313 142 300 154 292 171 292 187 292 204 296 221 308 233L563 492 304 771C292 783 288 800 288 817 288 833 296 850 308 863 321 871 338 875 354 875 371 875 388 867 400 854L696 533Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3810ac9 elementor-drop-cap-yes elementor-drop-cap-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3810ac9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;drop_cap&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bibliographic references<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bennett, A. Insectivorous Plants . Nature <\/span><b>12<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 228\u2013231 (1875). <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/012228a0\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/012228a0<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bonhomme, V., Pelloux-Prayer, H., Jousselin, E., Forterre, Y., &amp; Labat, J. J. (2011). Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist, 191(2), 545\u2013554.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bohn, Holger &amp; Federle, Walter. (2004). Insect aquaplaning: Nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101. 14138-43. 10.1073\/pnas.0405885101.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cheek, M., &amp; Jebb, M. H. P. (2001). Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana Series I.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chen H, Zhang P, Zhang L, Liu H, Jiang Y, Zhang D, Han Z, Jiang L. Continuous directional water transport on the peristome surface of Nepenthes alata. Nature. 2016 Apr 7;532(7597):85-9. doi: 10.1038\/nature17189. PMID: 27078568.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clarke, C. (2001). Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gaume L, Forterre Y. A viscoelastic deadly fluid in carnivorous pitcher plants. 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(2003). From carnivore to detritivore? Isotopic evidence for leaf litter utilization by Nepenthes ampullaria. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164, 635\u2013639.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Rottloff S, Miguel S, Biteau F, Nisse E, Hammann P, Kuhn L, Chicher J, Bazile V, Gaume L, Mignard B, Hehn A, Bourgaud F. Proteome analysis of digestive fluids in Nepenthes pitchers. Ann Bot. 2016 Mar;117(3):479-95. doi: 10.1093\/aob\/mcw001. PMID: 26912512; PMCID: PMC4765550.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Takeuchi Y, Salcher MM, Ushio M, Shimizu-Inatsugi R, Kobayashi MJ, Diway B, von Mering C, Pernthaler J, Shimizu KK. In situ enzyme activity in the dissolved and particulate fraction of the fluid from four pitcher plant species of the genus Nepenthes. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e25144. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0025144. Epub 2011 Sep 16. PMID: 21949872; PMCID: PMC3174996.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Takeuchi Y, Chaffron S, Salcher MM, Shimizu-Inatsugi R, Kobayashi MJ, Diway B, von Mering C, Pernthaler J, Shimizu KK. Bacterial diversity and composition in the fluid of pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2015 Jul;38(5):330-9. doi: 10.1016\/j.syapm.2015.05.006. Epub 2015 Jun 16. PMID: 26138047.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wang L, Zhou Q. Surface hydrophobicity of slippery zones in the pitchers of two Nepenthes species and a hybrid. Sci Rep. 2016 Jan 27;6:19907. doi: 10.1038\/srep19907. PMID: 26813707; PMCID: PMC4728604.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wal A, Staszek P, Gniazdowska A, Chrastn\u00fd V, \u0160\u00edpkov\u00e1 A, Bieniek J, Krasuska U. Nitric oxide stimulates digestion modifying the nutrient composition of the traps&#8217; fluid of Nepenthes x ventrata. Plant Sci. 2025 Sep;358:112558. doi: 10.1016\/j.plantsci.2025.112558. Epub 2025 May 17. 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https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Banner-300x107.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Banner-1024x366.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Banner-768x274.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Banner-1536x548.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Banner-18x6.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1588px) 100vw, 1588px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/nepenthes\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tNepenthes: la planta que convirti\u00f3 una hoja en un est\u00f3mago\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\tjulio 12, 2026\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-avatar\">\n\t\t\tNo hay comentarios\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-9560 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-conservation-research category-education-community category-news-events tag-bletia-macristhmochila tag-endemic tag-endemic-to-mexico tag-geophytic tag-mexican-orchid tag-mexican-orchid-species\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/a-living-museum-but-theres-more-to-us-than-meets-the-eye\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"914\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PORTADA.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9564\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PORTADA.png 2560w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PORTADA-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PORTADA-1024x366.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PORTADA-768x274.png 768w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PORTADA-1536x548.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PORTADA-2048x731.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PORTADA-18x6.png 18w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PORTADA-600x214.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/a-living-museum-but-theres-more-to-us-than-meets-the-eye\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tA Living Museum, but there&#8217;s more to us than meets the eye!\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\tjulio 3, 2026\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-avatar\">\n\t\t\tNo hay comentarios\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-9518 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-conservation-research category-education-community category-orchid-of-the-month tag-habia-rubica tag-red-crowned-ant-tanager\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/mexican-bird-of-the-month-habia-rubica\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"914\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ave-del-Mes_Junio_Portada-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9520\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ave-del-Mes_Junio_Portada-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ave-del-Mes_Junio_Portada-300x107.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ave-del-Mes_Junio_Portada-1024x366.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ave-del-Mes_Junio_Portada-768x274.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ave-del-Mes_Junio_Portada-1536x548.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ave-del-Mes_Junio_Portada-2048x731.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ave-del-Mes_Junio_Portada-18x6.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ave-del-Mes_Junio_Portada-600x214.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/mexican-bird-of-the-month-habia-rubica\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tMexican Bird of the Month: Habia rubica\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\tjulio 1, 2026\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-avatar\">\n\t\t\tNo hay comentarios\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-9083 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-education-community category-news-events tag-annual-conference tag-san-francisco\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/the-vallarta-botanical-garden-attends-the-2026-american-public-gardens-association-apga-annual-conference\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1588\" height=\"567\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/BGCI-San-Francisco-01.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9084\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/BGCI-San-Francisco-01.jpg 1588w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/BGCI-San-Francisco-01-300x107.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/BGCI-San-Francisco-01-1024x366.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/BGCI-San-Francisco-01-768x274.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/BGCI-San-Francisco-01-1536x548.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/BGCI-San-Francisco-01-18x6.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/BGCI-San-Francisco-01-600x214.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1588px) 100vw, 1588px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/the-vallarta-botanical-garden-attends-the-2026-american-public-gardens-association-apga-annual-conference\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tThe Vallarta Botanical Garden attends the 2026 American Public Gardens Association (APGA) Annual Conference\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\tjunio 17, 2026\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-avatar\">\n\t\t\tNo hay comentarios\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Plant That Turned a Leaf Into a Stomach Nepenthes By Bi\u00f3l. Evelyn Martinez-Cuevas July 12, 2026 There are plants with magnificent flowers. There are<\/p>","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":8944,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[70,74,71],"tags":[285,284,283,282],"class_list":["post-8942","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-conservation-research","category-education-community","category-plant-spotlights","tag-cultivated-hybrids","tag-ecological-adaptation","tag-foliar-heteromorphy","tag-nepenthes"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8942","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8942"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8942\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9779,"href":"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8942\/revisions\/9779"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8944"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8942"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8942"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vbgardens.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8942"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}